Periodic-als Vocabulary:
Periodic-als Element Research:
Element Selected:
Sodium
Why did you select this element:
I selected this element because it was the Element card that I got when I walked into chemistry and was too lazy to go and pick a new one.
Basic Info:
Element Name: Sodium
Element Symbol: Na
Atomic Number: 11
Atomic Mass: 22.990
Element Classification (metal, nonmetal, gas): It is an Alkali Metal.
Period: Sodium is in Period 3
Group: Sodium is in Group 1
Density: 0,97 at 20℃
Atomic Radius: 38
Melting Point: 97.72℃
Boiling Point: 883℃
Electronegativity: 0.93
Electron Configuration: [Ne]3s
Number of Stable Isotopes (if any): Sodium has only 1 occurring stable isotope.
What does the name mean? (usually in Greek): It comes from a Modern Latin noun Natrium which is derived from the greek word nítron which basically means natural soda.
Element History:
Element Facts w/ Sources:
"Sodium - Element information, properties and uses ..." 2011. 16 Sep. 2014 <http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/11/sodium>
"Sodium | physical properties - WebElements." 2008. 16 Sep. 2014 <http://www.webelements.com/sodium/physics.html>
- Group - In chemistry, a group (also known as a family) is a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements. There are 18 numbered groups in the periodic table, but the f-block columns (between groups 2 and 3) are not numbered.
- Periods - A period is the name given to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has seven periods.
- Element - Each of more than one hundred substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter. Each element is distinguished by its atomic number, i.e., the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms.
- Compound-a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture.
- Atomic Number - the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table.
- Atomic Mass - the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom (the mass number) or to the average number allowing for the relative abundances of different isotopes.
- Atom - the basic unit of a chemical element.
- Ion - an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
- Valence Electron - In chemistry, a valence electron is an electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair.
- Metal - a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel).
- Nonmetal - an element or substance that is not a metal.
- Metalloids - an element (e.g., germanium or silicon) whose properties are intermediate between those of metals and solid nonmetals. They are electrical semiconductors.
- Noble Gas - any of the gaseous elements helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, occupying Group 0 (18) of the periodic table. They were long believed to be totally unreactive but compounds of xenon, krypton, and radon are now known.
- Alkali Metal - any of the elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium, occupying Group IA (1) of the periodic table. They are very reactive, electropositive, monovalent metals forming strongly alkaline hydroxides.
- Alkaline Earth Metal - any of the elements beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium, occupying Group IIA (2) of the periodic table. They are reactive, electropositive, divalent metals, and form basic oxides that react with water to form comparatively insoluble hydroxides.
- Halogen - any of the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine, occupying group VIIA (17) of the periodic table. They are reactive nonmetallic elements that form strongly acidic compounds with hydrogen, from which simple salts can be made.
- Cation - a positively charged ion, i.e., one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis.
- Anion - a negatively charged ion, i.e., one that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis.
- Electron Affinity - Electron affinity is defined as the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.
- Electronegativity - Electronegativity is a measure of how strongly atoms attract bonding electrons to themselves. If you know the electronegativity of each atom in a diatomic molecule, you can predict how the bond will polarize. For example, on the Pauling Scale, hydrogen's electronegativity is 2.18 and chlorine's is 3.16.
- Ionization Energy - Ionization is one of the principal ways that radiation, such as charged particles and X rays, transfers its energy to matter. In chemistry, ionization often occurs in a liquid solution.
- Atomic Radius - The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons. Since the boundary is not a well-defined physical entity, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.
- Density - The degree of compactness of a substance.
- Melting Point - the temperature at which a given solid will melt.
- Reactivity - the state or power of being reactive or the degree to which a thing is reactive.
Periodic-als Element Research:
Element Selected:
Sodium
Why did you select this element:
I selected this element because it was the Element card that I got when I walked into chemistry and was too lazy to go and pick a new one.
Basic Info:
Element Name: Sodium
Element Symbol: Na
Atomic Number: 11
Atomic Mass: 22.990
Element Classification (metal, nonmetal, gas): It is an Alkali Metal.
Period: Sodium is in Period 3
Group: Sodium is in Group 1
Density: 0,97 at 20℃
Atomic Radius: 38
Melting Point: 97.72℃
Boiling Point: 883℃
Electronegativity: 0.93
Electron Configuration: [Ne]3s
Number of Stable Isotopes (if any): Sodium has only 1 occurring stable isotope.
What does the name mean? (usually in Greek): It comes from a Modern Latin noun Natrium which is derived from the greek word nítron which basically means natural soda.
Element History:
- Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) and soda (sodium carbonate, Na2CO3) had been known since prehistoric times.
- Used along time ago in Glass Manufacturing.
- It was found in the sea water.
- The soda came from the Natron Valley in Egypt.
- Discovered in 1807 by Sir Humphrey Davy.
- Used to de-ice road ways in winter.
- Used in our diets.
- Used as feedstock in the Chemical Industry.
- Used as a heat exchanger in some Nuclear Reactors.
- Used In glass manufacturing.
- Its melting point is 370.87 [or 97.72 °C (207.9 °F)] K
- Its boiling point is 1156 [or 883 °C (1621 °F)] K
- It density when a solid is 968 kg m-3
- It has a critical temperature of 2573 [or 2300 °C (4172 °F)] K
- It also has an unknown amount of Superconducting Temperature.
Element Facts w/ Sources:
"Sodium - Element information, properties and uses ..." 2011. 16 Sep. 2014 <http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/11/sodium>
"Sodium | physical properties - WebElements." 2008. 16 Sep. 2014 <http://www.webelements.com/sodium/physics.html>
Periodic-als Interviewee:
John Dalton Information:
Periodic-als Interview Questions & Answers:
John Dalton Sources:
"John Dalton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." 2004. 1 Oct. 2014 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton>
"John Dalton - Biography - Meteorologist, Educator, Scholar ..." 2011. 1 Oct. 2014 <http://www.biography.com/people/john-dalton-9265201>
Periodicals: Science In The News
Topic Selected: Pesticides
Facts Source #1
Source 1 Title: Pesticides - News - Times Topics - The New York Times
MLA Citation: "Pesticides - News - Times Topics - The New York Times." 29 Sep. 2014 <http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/p/pesticides/>
Facts Source #2
Source 2 Title: “GMO Facts - The Non GMO Project”
MLA Citation: "GMO Facts | The Non-GMO Project." 2011. 29 Sep. 2014
<http://www.nongmoproject.org/learn-more/>
Periodicals: Molecules
Molecule Selected: Hexane
Facts Source #1
Source 1 Title: “Hexane - Wikipedia”
MLA Citation: "Hexane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." 2003. 30 Sep. 2014 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexane>
Facts Source #2
Source #2 Title: Hexane - Environmental Protection Agency
MLA Citation: "Hexane - Environmental Protection Agency." 2004. 6 Oct. 2014 <http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hexane.html>
Periodic-als Ionic Compound
Ionic Compound Selected: Magnesium Oxide
Facts on the METAL in your Compound
Source 1 Title: Magnesium Oxide: Medline Plus Drug Information MLA Citation: "Magnesium Oxide: MedlinePlus Drug Information - National ..." 2008. 6 Oct. 2014 <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601074.html>
Facts on the NONMETAL in your Compound
Source 2 Title: Web Elements Periodic Table of The Elements: Oxygen MLA Citation:"WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Oxygen ..." 2008. 6 Oct. 2014 <http://www.webelements.com/oxygen/>
Facts on the Ionic Compound
Source 3 Title: Magnesium Oxide: Medline Plus Drug Information MLA Citation: "Magnesium Oxide: MedlinePlus Drug Information - National ..." 2008. 6 Oct. 2014 <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601074.html>
Periodic-als Covalent Compound
Covalent Compound Selected: Phosphoric Acid
Facts on the Covalent Compound
Source 1 Title: Phosphoric Acid - Wikipedia
MLA Citation: "Phosphoric acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." 2003. 8 Oct. 2014 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid
Facts on the first NONMETAL in your Compound
Source 2 Title: Phosphorus - Wikipedia
MLA Citation: "Phosphorus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." 2003. 8 Oct. 2014 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus>
Facts on the second NONMETAL in your Compound
Source 2 Title: Acid - Wikipedia
MLA Citation: "Acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2003 "9 Oct. 2014 <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid>
- John Dalton
John Dalton Information:
- Born on September 6, 1766
- Died July 27, 1844
- Aged 77 yrs. old.
- Lived In Manchester, England.
- Influenced by John Gough
- Known for Atomic Theory, Law of Multiple Proportions, Daltons Law of Partial Pressures, Daltonism.
- Received a Royal Medal in 1826.
Periodic-als Interview Questions & Answers:
- How are you today?
- I am very good, thanks for asking.
- Did you have a mentor?
- No I did not have a mentor.
- Where did you go to school?
- I attended a Quaker School in my hometown.
- How did you get into the field of chemistry?
- I joined a new school where I was in the Literary and Philosophical Society where I was granted permission to the lab facilities and he started to work.
- What contributions did you have to chemistry?
- I contributed toward Colorblindness, I also studied Atmospheric Pressures, I also contributed to many other things like the mixture of gases, atomic theory and many others.
- What difficulties did you have in making these contributions?
- A difficulty I faced while making my contributions was definitely not having my own lab, even though I had access to one I wish I had my own so that I could have finished my work faster.
- What was the process that you went through in completing these contributions?
- The process was very long, lets just say that if I told you this interview would last for hours.
- Did you achieve your contributions by accident or on purpose?
- I did achieve one of my contributions on accident, it was my mixture of gases contribution that I found during my Atomic Pressure contribution.
- Did the scientific community ever doubt the work that you had achieved?
- Not really, nobody ever really doubted my work.
- Did they ever criticize any work you had done in chemistry?
- No I did not get criticized for any of my work.
John Dalton Sources:
"John Dalton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." 2004. 1 Oct. 2014 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton>
"John Dalton - Biography - Meteorologist, Educator, Scholar ..." 2011. 1 Oct. 2014 <http://www.biography.com/people/john-dalton-9265201>
Periodicals: Science In The News
Topic Selected: Pesticides
- Why did you select this topic?
- I selected this topic because I never really understood what Pesticides were or why people use them, I use to think that pesticides were just poison to kill pests. I wanna learn about Pesticides as well so that is why I am researching this topic.
- Why is this topic currently a news headline?
- This topic is currently a news headline because there are many arguments saying that all pesticides in New York that kill rats should be banned, they also are trying to push the ban because the pesticides that the people of New York are killing more than just Rats and overall it is just affecting the wildlife and the environment. It is also a big topic because Environmental Science and Technology is arguing and saying that they have came up with a lot of new and safer pesticides that won't affect us humans and won’t kill other animals, they are also hoping that the legal restrictions would be taken off.
Facts Source #1
Source 1 Title: Pesticides - News - Times Topics - The New York Times
MLA Citation: "Pesticides - News - Times Topics - The New York Times." 29 Sep. 2014 <http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/p/pesticides/>
- A substance used to attract, seduce, destroy, and mitigate any pest.
- Most Commonly used to protect plant products.
- They use crop dusters to put pesticides on fields to protect plants from weeds, insects, and plant diseases.
- A pesticide is also known as a Biological Agent.
- Pesticides aren’t used just for Agricultural Purposes.
- A pesticide has many different targets.
- Pesticides target things such as: Insects, Plant Pathogens, Weeds, Mollusks, Mammals, Fish, etc.
- Pesticides can have many drawbacks.Pesticides also have many benefits.
- They are grouped into chemical families.
- All pesticides have a different amount of toxicity
- There are 12 total types of pesticides.
- There are different pesticides for different purposes.
- Pesticides are usually used in general to keep a harmful organism away.
- The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) have defined pesticides as: any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals, causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances that may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids, or other pests in or on their bodies. The term includes substances intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant, or agent for thinning fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit. Also used as substances applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage and transport.
Facts Source #2
Source 2 Title: “GMO Facts - The Non GMO Project”
MLA Citation: "GMO Facts | The Non-GMO Project." 2011. 29 Sep. 2014
<http://www.nongmoproject.org/learn-more/>
- GMO stand for Genetically Modified Organisms.
- GMO's are plants or animals that have been mixed with Genetically Engineered DNA.
- GMO's are are genetically engineered with bacteria, viruses, other plants, and animals.
- GMO's are basically crossbreeds none of the things they breed can happen naturally.
- GMO's can be the reason for health problems.
- Many nations don't consider GMO's to be safe.
- There are many countries with restrictions on GMO's.
- The US Government has approved GMO's.
- GMO's are not labeled.
- Many people want to know if the food there purchasing has GMO's.
- 53% of Americans don't want GMO's in there food.
- GMO's are in 80% of all processed foods.
- GMO's affect Farmers significantly.
- Some products of food are labeled Non- GMO Project Verified.
- Many Americans opt out on buying GMO's.
Periodicals: Molecules
Molecule Selected: Hexane
- Why did you select this molecule?
- I chose the Hexane Molecule because I have no idea what Hexane is and I would like to know what it is and I would also enjoy learning about it and so I can understand what we do with it and its uses if it has any.
- How is this Molecule important/relevant to your life?
- I currently do not know how this molecule is important to my everyday life. I am very interested in knowing how it relates to my everyday life and what it is, so that is about all I can say about Hexane.
Facts Source #1
Source 1 Title: “Hexane - Wikipedia”
MLA Citation: "Hexane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." 2003. 30 Sep. 2014 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexane>
- Hexane is an Alkane.
- Its Chemical Formula is C6H14
- Made up of 6 carbon atoms.
- Hexane makes up most of Gasoline.
- Hexane is colorless.
- Hexane is odorless in its purified state.
- Its boiling point is between 50 and 70℃
- Hexane is also used as glue in shoes.
- Used to extract cooking oils.
- Used to take grease out of water in the laboratory.
- Hexane is found while refining oil.
- Used to help roof houses.
- Also used in Textile Manufacturing.
- Hexane is very easily evaporated.
- Hexane is also very cheap to obtain.
Facts Source #2
Source #2 Title: Hexane - Environmental Protection Agency
MLA Citation: "Hexane - Environmental Protection Agency." 2004. 6 Oct. 2014 <http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hexane.html>
- Hexane is used to extract edible oils.
- Used to extract oils from seeds.
- Also can extract oils from vegetables as well.
- Has a special solvent that can be used as a cleaning agent.
- Inhaling large amounts of Hexane is bad.
- Inhaling will cause effects to central nervous system.
- Commercial grades of Hexane can be used as glue.
- Also an get used as a varnish.
- Hexane is also used to make ink.
- Hexane is also used in low temperature thermometers.
- Hexane is also used as a degreaser in the printing industry.
- Hexane is classifies into the D Group
- Inhalation of Hexane is very bad.
- If hexane is inhaled you can get dizzy and suffer headaches.
- If inhaled even more you can suffer muscle weakness and blurred vision.
Periodic-als Ionic Compound
Ionic Compound Selected: Magnesium Oxide
- Why did you select this Ionic Compound?
- I selected Magnesium Oxide because I have never heard about this Ionic compound. I picked it because I would like to learn about it and I feel like it is a very interesting Ionic Compound
- How is this Ionic Compound important/relevant to your life?
- This Ionic Compound is relevant to life because it is a medication. It is also important because Magnesium is an element that your body need to be able to function normally, and is also used as antacid that will relieve heartburn, sour stomach, or acid indigestion.
Facts on the METAL in your Compound
Source 1 Title: Magnesium Oxide: Medline Plus Drug Information MLA Citation: "Magnesium Oxide: MedlinePlus Drug Information - National ..." 2008. 6 Oct. 2014 <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601074.html>
- Magnesium is an element your body needs to function normally.
- The Magnesium can be used as an Antacid.
- Helps relieve heartburn, sour stomach, and acid indigestion.
- Magnesium is found in 300 of your bodies enzymes.
- 80% of Americans are deficient of Magnesium.
- Magnesium can be used to help benefit your Blood Pressure.
- Magnesium can help prevent sudden cardiac arrest. (Heart Attack) 8. Magnesium can help prevent you from getting strokes Magnesium plays a role in your detoxification process which helps prevent damage to environmental chemicals .
- Magnesium is most often found in whole foods.
Facts on the NONMETAL in your Compound
Source 2 Title: Web Elements Periodic Table of The Elements: Oxygen MLA Citation:"WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Oxygen ..." 2008. 6 Oct. 2014 <http://www.webelements.com/oxygen/>
- Oxygen is about ⅕ of the atmosphere.
- Oxygen is the 3rd most abundant found in the sun.
- Oxygen was discovered in 1774 by Englishmen named Joseph Pristley and Carl Scheele.
- Oxygen is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors found in the sun.
- About ⅔ of the human body is oxygen.
- Oxygen is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
- Oxygen plays a role in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, a process responsible for stellar energy production.
- Liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue and strongly paramagnetic.
- Oxygen is always ready in laboratories.
- Oxygen is essential for life.
Facts on the Ionic Compound
Source 3 Title: Magnesium Oxide: Medline Plus Drug Information MLA Citation: "Magnesium Oxide: MedlinePlus Drug Information - National ..." 2008. 6 Oct. 2014 <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601074.html>
- Magnesium oxide may be used for different reasons.
- Some people use it as an antacid.
- Some people use it as a laxative for short term rapid emptying of the bowel.
- Magnesium oxide is also used as a dietary supplement.
- You can get Magnesium oxide without prescription.
- It comes as a tablet.
- You need to drink 8 ounces of water or fruit juice to use Magnesium Oxide as a laxative.
- You shouldn't use Magnesium oxide for more then 2 weeks.
- It was also known as Magnesia Alba
- Magnesium oxide is also known as a metastable compound.
Periodic-als Covalent Compound
Covalent Compound Selected: Phosphoric Acid
- Why did you select this Covalent Compound? Is it Polar or Non-polar Covalent?
- I did not choose this Covalent Compound, I had Mrs. Parsons choose this compound for me. I had Ms. Parsons choose this for me because I did not know what to choose so I just wanted somebody to pick for me and that is what I did
- How is this Covalent Compound important/relevant to your life?-
- This compound is relevant to everyday life because Phosphoric Acid is a food additive, it is also very relevant to life because a lot of people use it in there jobs and it is just something that is around us everyday.
Facts on the Covalent Compound
Source 1 Title: Phosphoric Acid - Wikipedia
MLA Citation: "Phosphoric acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." 2003. 8 Oct. 2014 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid
- Phosphoric Acid is an inorganic mineral.
- Phosphoric Acid has a chemical formula of H3PO4
- The most common source of Phosphoric Acid is in an Aqueous 4.Solution.(85%)
- When Phosphoric Acid is in an Aqueous Solution it is colourless, odorless, and non volatile.
- When it is in an Aqueous Solution it is like a syrupy liquid, it is still pourable.
- Phosphoric Acid is very corrosive and concentrated.
- Phosphoric Acid is a rust inhibitor.
- Phosphoric Acid can also be used as a food additive.
- Phosphoric Acid can also be used as a home cleaning supply.
- You can also use Phosphoric Acid to feed livestock.
Facts on the first NONMETAL in your Compound
Source 2 Title: Phosphorus - Wikipedia
MLA Citation: "Phosphorus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." 2003. 8 Oct. 2014 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus>
- Phosphorus is a Chemical Element.
- It's symbol is "P"
- It's atomic number is 15
- Elemental phosphorus exists in only 2 forms.
- The 2 forms are white and red.
- When phosphorus is in its elemental forms is highly reactive.
- First elemental phosphorus was produced in 1669.
- When phosphorus is exposed to oxygen it gives a feint glow.
- A majority of phosphorus is consumed as a fertilizer.
- Phosphorus is essential for life.
Facts on the second NONMETAL in your Compound
Source 2 Title: Acid - Wikipedia
MLA Citation: "Acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2003 "9 Oct. 2014 <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid>
- Acid is a chemical substance.
- Acid has aqueous solutions.
- t's aqueous solution is characterized as a sour taste.
- Acid has the ability to turn blue.
- There are 3 different definitions for acids.
- The most common acid is hydrochloric acid.
- Acid can also be used as a proton donor.
- The 3 definitions are: Arrhenius, Lewis, and the Brønsted Lowry.
- There are things called superacids which are 100% more acidic then sulfuric acid.
- We have acid in our stomach called Gastric Acids!